AMALGATION of India after 1947 -Dr H G Joshi

1947 August 14 Pakistan was created….India Pak was not given by Britishers as 2 fully territorial power transfer of power was very tricky as India and Pakistan both had KINGS QUEEN NAWABS Head of States,, smaller states approximately 600 with how to distribute amongst them. e.g. for Pak Baluchistan 

Other Prince States given time to take 3 Options

 1 become an independent Sovereign State              2 Join India                      3  Join Pakistan.

Many states asked for time to decide also…be Few were ready to accept freedom but to be under British Crown too...!!!!    Let us see the major issues..

In this huge mix-up, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s preparations and political wisdom prevailed. Though small Saurashtra RajaWADA as Kathiawad agreed easily

Junagadh nawab Mkhan had different Ideas. He wanted to join Pakistan as by SEA route his people argued they are connected to PAKISTAN. By February 1948  following happened

On 1947 15 August Junagadh Nawab said his wish to join Pakistan. Though avg80% were Hindus and only avg12% were Muslims,8% were as population. Pressure techniques on both sides were applied. Shamaldas Gandhi made Arzi Hukumat and became head of GOVT in BOMBAY. Public awareness by the mass movement was created. Nawab did not have a sufficient army of his own, Sa.rdar Patel was constantly in Threatening mode and kept the door open… to accept the safe passage Offer. As Nawab was afraid for his life Family and supporters asked for a memorandum from the public where Sardar Patel Shamaldas Gandhi and a few other Leaders Like Dhebarbhai all managed a 99% to 1% in India's favor

Mangrol, Keshod, Babariawad were under Junagadh. They claimed their choices were to be independent from all. Sardar Patel switched them to India and helped them to be NOT UNDER NAWAB freedom !!! Again Sheikh of Mangrol changed his choices often and Sardar Teckled him in his confusion…..So by February 1948  as per image wiki-pedia Junagadh Joined as a whole including Mangrol, Babariawad, and small others to India Mr. Bhutto (Zulficar Ali Bhutto’s Father was amongst the chief advisers to  Junagadh Nawab)  Lot of tension but NO CASUALTY is remarkable.

                                                   A plebiscite was held on 20 February 1948, in which all but 91 out of 190,870 who voted (from an electorate of 201,457) voted to join India, i.e. 99.95% of the population voted to join India.^[f    

            Various rewarding techniques were used By Shri Patel and Krishna Menon. Those who set to access India were along with Privy Purses offered Governor Posts. For e.g. Bhavnagar King was Colonel and active in Politics so was offered MADRAS STATE GOVERNORSHIP!  Bhopal Nawab was also willing to join Pakistan his Men + his smaller in strength but Nawabi Subai were visiting Pakistan where there was equal KAOS and Confusion … Slowly Muslim Nawabs and the head of state found them landlocked and Mr. Jhina himself grooming himself for the Muslim Majority Territorial distribution in two Nations on religious ground. British Military was comprised of an estimated avg nearby

 

Hyderabad Province was a big state and as initially Nizam Mir Sir OsmanaliKhan. On 15 Aug 1947, he declared his intentions that He would be Neutral Or if at all would join Pakistan. Mr. Jhina was very much ready for it. Status CO as it is was agreed. After the USA came for intermediates, It was agreed that Hyderabad central issues would be by India, whereas the Police matters, RAILWAY  Nawab Administration. The final where to go will be done in 1 year maximum.  Nawab gave a hefty Donation to Karachi Port. Managed his influence in Europe + Commonwealth countries ..Now Hyderabad was landlocked!!

GOA was with Portugal. Nawab also sent his ambassadors to Europe to purchase weapons but were not given real lethal capability. They still managed via Australian Help quite a few weapons to GOA port then through the Varangal route tried to reach Hyderabad. As  Night Time was used Indian Air Force did not have an anti-aircraft mechanism well balanced in that race. QASIM RIZVY was a leader from Nawab. He also had a party Command with RAZAKARS a terrorist group armed and trained though this had a few % of Hindu critics said IT WAS TO GIVE MASK FORGERY. Razakars in those days all of a sudden on religious grounds appealed a lot to go for Pakistan. Heavy Blood Shade will strom a way Hyderabad Glory He routinely advocated.  Sharing by the on-table process was handled by Nehru and the Team. Sardar had Private talks with Gen. Kariappa and any Military Action if required …. They secretly started taking the initiative and important military purpose hidden latent period preparations. Razakars carried on their Hindu killings to Communists, Congressmen, Liberal Muslims Telangana rebels. The lethal and buttered practice of this kind was very un-human so it gave counter current like movt grew also in Peace Loving directions. Terror by Razakars is famous. Gen. TikaKhan (PAK) when sent during east-west Pakistan days for control llll  Used the people of Razakars and Ex Razakar silent cell in the Bangladesh massacre in 1972 History pages are coming alive due to ELECTION 2024  to gain momentum  A SOUTH INDIAN MOVIE IS RELEASED 7.7/10  RATING  IS RUNNING IN SOUTH. SPECIALLY TELANGANA AND ANDHRA PRADESH. RAZAKARS pressure created a wave that there are 3 Pakistans!! East West and South!  North Kashmir is a burning issue.. deal with it separately.

Mohd Ali Jhina died on 11 Sept 1948. Sardar Patel and Indian Militancy were only waiting for the chance within a very short period… Though Nawab Had his Private Army and Razakars in his favor NO INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT and the Indian Network surrounded all possible entries Military Movement was very well guarded though ON 13 Sept. Indian Army surprised the whole world and technically in very advancing from 65 km from the strategic inside  border all possible entries sealed  All and many more features one can be amazed by following exploring OPERATION POLO.

 

Operation Polo
Date 13–18 September 1948 (5 days) Location Hyderabad State, (parts of South and Western India) 17°00′N 78°50′E Result Indian victory ·         Annexation of Hyderabad to the Union of India
Belligerents
Dominion of India	Hyderabad
Commanders and leaders
·          Governor-General Chakravarti Rajagopalachari ·          Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru ·          Deputy Prime Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel ·          Minister of Defence Baldev Singh ·          General Sir Roy Bucher ·          Air Marshal Thomas Elmhirst ·          Lieutenant-General Rajendrasinhji Jadeja[1] ·          Major General Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri ·          Major General Ajit Rudra ·          Air Vice-Marshal Subroto Mukherjee[2]	·          S.A. El Edroos  ·          Qasim Razvi
Strength
35,000 Indian Armed Forces	·         22,000 Hyderabad State Forces ·         est. 200,000 irregulars (Razakars)[3]: 8
Casualties and losses
Less than 10 killed[4]	Hyderabad State forces: ·         807 killed ·         unknown wounded ·         1,647 POWs[5] Razakars: ·         1,373 killed ·         1,911 captured[5]
·         Sunderlal Committee: 30,000–40,000 civilians killed[6] ·         Responsible observers: 200,000 civilians killed[7][8]

The princely state of Hyderabad was annexed by India in 1948

After this war, Qasim Rizvy was arrested and allowed to go to Pakistan after some years. He then went back and gave his political party to India-loving Muslims

Owaisy whose grandfather opted for this and did not join Qasim Rizvy Even Nizam sometimes was not happy that Qasim Rizvy was surpassing his supremacy.

Owaisy Asad’s (current) grandfather added ALL INDIA names to MIM party.

Repeatedly Owaisy has said “ JO RAZAKARse Jude the vo PAKISTAN gaye Yaha jo hai vo INDIAN VAFADAR MUSALMAN  HAI, or Qayamat tak rahenge bhi.

Few interesting Others…

Dadara Nagar Haveli	Was under Portuguese but in 1-6-1954 Local Nationalists toppled Portuguese India did not allow Daman or GOA rulers to move to this, small place…  India did a politically smart move……. in 1-6-1961 joined INDIA  by accession
Goa Daman Diu	1961 Dec 19     3day war
Pondycherry, Karaikal, Mahe, Chandranagor ,	1948-FrenchGovt India agreed for choice to join joined in 1963
Sikkim	1950 protectorate with INDIA and Separate Indian State from 1975

The article is intended for a quick summarization and ref.

Would like comments as territorial gain and loss we give less importance feeling they are distant subjects. Imagine the VISA-Passport required for Junagadha and Hyderabad Broken Nation affects a lot. Even that small Katchthivu island Srilanka Conflicts and China for lot many in the Himalayas and Andaman Sea

North East is a different story… Interesting to be seen separately. DR H G JOSHI

 

North East was Known as NEFA  North east frontier Agency/Area

These all were territorially  given back to Kings, Princes, Nawabs, Suba  etc…

Surprisingly, the area attached to Bangladesh east Pakistan small Bhuan also took Komura states Indian Land as It was prince old state and Brahmaputra River honor ship was let gone in the larger interest.

Kochbihar in India, Rangpur to Bangladesh Brahmaputra river valley to Bhutan still minor territorial issues are there,  but as the neighboring countries are having good relations and no warlike diplomacy conflicts is noted.

Karimganj showed  plebiscite  (LOK MAT)  to join Pakistan but Sardar handled all these guys to join INDIA as many wanted to be independent due to very diverse cultures. As the Majority decided to Join INDIA Sardar got them, Asaam and Manipur have Mythological Mentions in Mahabharat Arjun's wife Chitrangada. India is surrounded by Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka With all Conflicts are still there… Some deserts, Mountains, Green Jungles, Big Himalayas, Some great pass-through passages…  These all are extremely classified exactness is controversial itself. Habituated non habituated and partially developed make it a MILITARY Issue everywhere. Western  articles are showing it with political biases.